Pygoscelis papua breeds on South Georgia (Georgia del Sur) and the South Sandwich Islands (Islas Sandwich del Sur), the Falkland Islands (Malvinas), on Martillo Island, Argentina⁹, the South Orkney and South Shetland Islands, Prince Edward and Marion Islands (South Africa), Crozet and Kerguelen Islands (French Southern Territories), Heard Island (Heard and McDonald Islands [to Australia]) and Macquarie Island (Australia), and the Antarctic Peninsula. The total (minimum) population has been estimated at 314,000 pairs⁶. Populations on the Antarctic Peninsula (25% of the total) are increasing at most sites, some (e.g. Signy Island) have doubled in the last 20 years³. Conversely, populations at sub-Antarctic islands (75% of the total) may have decreased substantially. For example, populations at Bird Island (the only monitored population at South Georgia - 33% of the total) decreased by c.67% over the last 25 years⁴, at Marion Island (3% of the total) by 11% over the period 1994-1997¹ and on the Falklands (21% of the total) by c.45% from 1932-33 to 1995-95². More recent surveys on the Falklands have shown the population to have increased from 65,000 pairs in 1995-96 to 113,000 pairs in 2000⁷, whilst a suggested increase at Macquarie needs confirming⁵.