Ringed seals are preyed on by humans and polar bears in the Arctic. Pups are taken by bears, foxes, and humans when they are in the birth lair (Hammill and Smith 1991). As a result of strong predation, ringed seal pups spend a large proportion of time in the water and learn to dive at an extremely young age (Lydersen and Hammill 1993).

Known Predators:

• polar bears (Ursus maritimus)
• humans (Homo sapiens)
• foxes (Vulpes)