Life History, Abundance, Activity, and Special Behaviors
This species has declined in numbers by over 80% over the past decade, most likely due to chytridiomycosis (Stuart et al. 2008). It is also threatened by collection for local zoos and hotels, illegal pet trading, deforestation, and habitat alteration by logging and farming (Poole 2006). Project Golden Frog is an ongoing conservation consortium which connects the Republic of Panama and the United States, in an effort to ensure the survival of this species. Plans for captive breeding in Panama are being supported by Project Golden Frog. Captive breeding programs for this species are already in place at a number of zoos, including the Maryland Zoo in Baltimore, the Houston Zoo, the Denver Zoo, the Detroit Zoo, and the Oakland Zoo.
- Stuart, S., Hoffmann, M., Chanson, J., Cox, N., Berridge, R., Ramani, P., and Young, B. (eds) (2008). Threatened Amphibians of the World. Lynx Edicions, IUCN, and Conservation International, Barcelona, Spain; Gland, Switzerland; and Arlington, Virginia, USA.
- Savage, J. M. (2002). The Amphibians and Reptiles of Costa Rica. University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London.
- La Marca, E., Lötters, S., Puschendorf, R., Ibáñez, R., Rueda-Almonacid, J. V., Schulte, R., Marty, C., Castro, F., Manzanilla-Puppo, J., García-Pérez, J. E., Bolaños, F., Chaves, G., Pounds, J. A., Toral, E., and Young, B. E. (2005). ''Catastrophic population declines and extinctions in neotropical harlequin frogs (Bufonidae: Atelopus).'' Biotropica, 37(2), 190-201.
- Daly, J. W. (2004). ''Marine toxins and nonmarine toxins: convergence or symbiotic organisms?'' Journal of Natural Products, 67, 1211-1215.
- Yotsu-Yamashita, M., Kim, Y.H., Dudley, Jr., S.C., Choudhary, G., Pfahnl, A., Oshima, Y., and Daly, J.W. (2004). ''The structure of zetekitoxin AB, a saxitoxin analog from the Panamanian golden frog Atelopus zeteki: a potent sodium-channel blocker.'' Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 101(13), 4346-4351.
- Savage, J.M. (1972). ''The harlequin frogs, genus Atelopus, of Costa Rica and western Panama.'' Herpetologica, 28(2), 77-94.
- Crump, M.L. (1988). ''Aggression in Harlequin Frogs: male-male competition and a possible conflict of interest between the sexes.'' Animal Behaviour, 36(4), 1064-1077.
- Dunn, E. R. (1933). ''Amphibians and reptiles from El Valle de Anton, Panama.'' Occasional Papers of the Boston Society of Natural History, 8, 65-79.
- Karraker, N. E., Richards, C. L., and Ross, H. L. (2006). ''Reproductive ecology of Atelopus zeteki and comparisons to other members of the genus.'' Herpetological Review, 37(3), 284-288.
- Lindquist, E. D. and Hetherington, T. E. (1998). ''Semaphoring in an earless frog: the origin of a novel visual signal.'' Animal Cognition, 1, 83-87.
- Lindquist, E. D. and Hetherington, T. E. (1998). ''Tadpoles and juveniles of the Panamanian Golden Frog, Atelopus zeteki (Bufonidae), with information on development of coloration and patterning.'' Herpetologica, 54(3), 370-376.
- Lindquist, E. D., and Hetherington, T. E. (1996). ''Field studies on visual and acoustic signaling in the ''earless'' Panamanian Golden Frog, Atelopus zeteki.'' Journal of Herpetology, 30(3), 347-354.
- Lips, K. R., Brem, F., Brenes, R., Reeve, J. D., Alford, R. A., Voyles, J., Carey, C., Livo, L., Pessier, A. P., and Collins, J. P. (2006). ''Emerging infectious disease and the loss of biodiversity in a Neotropical amphibian community.'' Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 103(9), 3165-3170.
- Poole, V. (2006). Golden Frog Husbandry Manual, 2nd ed. [Internet PDF]. Denver: Denver Zoological Foundation's Project Golden Frog. Retrieved 2 October 2007, from http://www.ranadorada.org/species-info.htm
- Richards-Zawacki, C. L. (2010). ''Thermoregulatory behaviour affects prevalence of chytrid fungal infection in a wild population of Panamanian golden frogs.'' Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 277, 519-528.
