This species tends to inhabit colder waters, it has been found in the Atlantic, the North Sea and waters round the British Isles (Larsen & Moestrup 1989). The species is usually photosynthetic although may feed on smaller organisms when nutrient/ light stressed (Li et al. 2000).
- Tomas C ed. (1997). Identifying marine diatoms and dinoflagellates. pp 598. Academic Press Ltd. London
- Taylor, F.J.R., Y. Fukuyo and J. Larsen (1995). Taxonomy of harmful dinoflagellates. In: G.M. Hallegraeff, D.M. Anderson and A.D. Cembella (eds), Manual on Harmful Marine Microalgae, IOC Manuals and Guides No. 33. UNESCO, France: 283-317.
- Larsen, J. and O. Moestrup 1989. Guide to Toxic and Potentially Toxic Marine Algae. The Fish Inspection Service, Ministry of Fisheries, Copenhagen. 61 pp.
- Mooney, B.D., de Salas, M, Hallegraeff, G.M. & Place, A.R. (2009). Survey for Karlotoxin production in 15 species of Gymnodinioid dinoflagellates (Kareniaceae, dinophyta). J. Phycol. 45, 164?175
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Cosgrove_J commented on "Distribution":
It is found in the South West of Western Australia (doi:10.1016/j.hal.2011.10.021) and the East China Sea (doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.08.014; http://dx.doi.org/10.4490/algae.2011.26.3.237) as well as, according to your specimen map, from the Western Pacific and the Southern Ocean (Tasmania).
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Cosgrove_J commented on "Distribution":
First sentence in extremely out of date and the second sentence does not pertain to distribution.
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Harmful Phytoplankton Project
Author: David J.S. Montagnes
Guide to UK Coastal Planktonic Ciliates © 2001 DJS Montagnes, University of Liverpool http://www.liv.ac.uk/ciliate/
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- 2011-10-13 01:07:48 UTC
