Although individuals from this species can exist on their own they tend to form chains (2, 4 or 8 individuals long). Cells are armoured, semicircular (longer in width than length), anterio-posteriorly compressed, with a rounded apex and a slightly concave antapex. The apical pore plate (po) houses the characteristic fishhook shaped foramen. A. catenalla has yellow green to orange-brown chloroplasts and a U-shaped nucleus (Whedon & Kofoid 1936). Forms a resting cyst as part of it?s lifecycle.
- Tomas C ed. (1997). Identifying marine diatoms and dinoflagellates. pp 598. Academic Press Ltd. London
- Yoshimatsu, S. (1981). Sexual reproduction of Protogonyaulax catenella in culture I. Heterothallism. Bull. Plank. Soc. Jpn. 28: 131-139.
- Fukuyo, Y., K. Yoshida and H. Inoue (1985). Protogonyaulax in Japanese coastal waters. In: D.M. Anderson, A.W. White and D.G. Baden (eds), Toxic Dinoflagellates, Elsevier, New York: 27-32.
- Ogata, T. & Kodama, M. (1986). Ichthyotoxicity found in cultured media of Protogonyaulax spp. Mar. Biol. 92: 31-34.
- Hallegraeff, G.M. (1991). Aquaculturists Guide to Harmful Australian Microalgae. Fishing Industry Training Board of Tasmania/CSIRO Division of Fisheries, Hobart, 111 pp.
- Meksumpun, S., Montani, S. & Uematsu, M.(1994). Elemental components of cyst walls of three marine phytoflagellates, Chattonella antiqua (Raphidophyceae), Alexandrium catenella adn Scrippsiella trochoidea (Dinophyceae). Phycologia 33: 275-280.
- Taylor, F.J.R., Y. Fukuyo and J. Larsen (1995). Taxonomy of harmful dinoflagellates. In: G.M. Hallegraeff, D.M. Anderson and A.D. Cembella (eds), Manual on Harmful Marine Microalgae, IOC Manuals and Guides No. 33. UNESCO, France: 283-317.
- Penna, E. Garcés, M. Vila , M. G. Giacobbe, S. Fraga, A. Lugliè, I. Bravo, E. Bertozzini and C. Vernesi (2005). Alexandrium catenella (Dinophyceae), a toxic ribotype expanding in the NW Mediterranean Sea. Marine Biology 148: 13?23.
