Known predators
Phocidae is prey of:
Cetacea
Ursus maritimus
Aves
Chondrichthyes
Homo sapiens
Based on studies in:
Southern Ocean (Marine, Tropical)
South Africa, Southwest coast (Marine)
Norway: Spitsbergen (Coastal)
USA, Northeastern US contintental shelf (Coastal)
This list may not be complete but is based on published studies.
Cetacea
Ursus maritimus
Aves
Chondrichthyes
Homo sapiens
Based on studies in:
Southern Ocean (Marine, Tropical)
South Africa, Southwest coast (Marine)
Norway: Spitsbergen (Coastal)
USA, Northeastern US contintental shelf (Coastal)
This list may not be complete but is based on published studies.
- B. C. Patten and J. T. Finn, Systems approach to continental shelf ecosystems. In: Theoretical Systems Ecology, E. Halfon, Ed. (Academic Press, New York, 1979) pp. 183-212 from p. 202.
- V. S. Summerhayes and C. S. Elton, Contributions to the ecology of Spitsbergen and Bear Island, J. Ecol. 11:214-286, from p. 232 (1923).
- Link J (2002) Does food web theory work for marine ecosystems? Mar Ecol Prog Ser 230:19
- Yodzis P (2000) Diffuse effects in food webs. Ecology 81:261266
