Known predators

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Known predators

Actinopterygii is prey of:
Actinopterygii
Homo sapiens
Ardeidae
Anguilliformes
Laridae
Fregata
Sula
Leptonychotes weddellii
Hydrurga leptonyx
Cephalopoda
Spheniscidae
Phocidae
Cetacea
Aves
Mirounga leonina
Clarias gariepinus
Barbus rhoadesii
Haplochromis dimidiatus
Haplochromis rostratus
Haplochromis
Rhamphochromis
Thunninae
Alepisaurus
Istiophoridae
invertebrates
Cyprinidae
Vertebrata
Phoca
Enhydra lutris
Hirudinea
Mammalia
Salmonidae
Carangidae
Sciaenops ocellatus
Chondrichthyes
Tursiops truncatus
Crocodilia
Perca fluviatilis
Testudines
Serpentes
Gavialis gangeticus
Alcedinidae
Anas
Nematoda
Gambusia
Heterandria formosa
Decapoda
Floridichthys carpio
Lophogobius cyprinoides
high carnivores
Copepoda
Callinectes sapidus
Sphyraena
Carcharhinus leucas
Megalops atlanticus
Haliaeetus leucocephalus
Alligator mississippiensis
Lutra lutra
Merluccius
Scombridae
Argyrosomus hololepoditus
Seriola
Atractoscion aequidens
Hemiramphidae
phytoplankton
organic stuff
Epinephelinae
Octopus
Stomatopoda
Anomura
Isopoda
Amphipoda
Pycnogonidae
Tanaidae
Brevoortia tyrannus
Leiostomus xanthurus
Morone americana
Arius felis
Pomatomus saltatrix
Lepomis gibbosus
Salvelinus fontinalis
Ambloplites rupestris
Pomoxis nigromaculatus
Notemigonus crysoleucus
Perca flavescens
Anthopleura elegantissima
Huso huso
Lepisosteus osseus
Lepisosteus platostomus
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha
Salvelinus confluentus
Hepsetus odoe
Lates niloticus
Lepomis megalotis
Caretta caretta
Thamnophis sirtalis
Thamnophis butleri
Agkistrodon piscivorus
Gavia immer
Gavia stellata
Podilymbus podiceps
Diomedea epomophora
Sula dactylatra
Butorides virescens
Egretta thula
Egretta tricolor
Mycteria americana
Eudocimus ruber
Anas fulvigula
Anas strepera
Pandion haliaetus
Herpetotheres cachinnans
Grus japonensis
Gallinula chloropus
Actitis macularia
Larus californicus
Larus canus
Fratercula cirrhata
Strix varia
Corvus caurinus
Lagenorhynchus australis
Lagenorhynchus cruciger
Feresa attenuata
Phocoenoides dalli
Delphinapterus leucas
Monodon monoceros
Mesoplodon europaeus
Mesoplodon carlhubbsi
Mesoplodon layardii
Ursus maritimus
Ursus arctos
Lontra canadensis
Mustela vison
Panthera onca
Zalophus californianus
Neophoca cinerea
Callorhinus ursinus
Arctocephalus australis
Arctocephalus philippii
Arctocephalus townsendi
Phoca largha
Monachus tropicalis
Mirounga angustirostris
Panthera pardus
Cerdocyon thous
Paleosuchus trigonatus
Puma concolor
Oncifelis geoffroyi
Prionailurus viverrinus
Mesoplodon peruvianus
Ardea alba
Ictinia mississippiensis
Otus kennicottii
Hydromys chrysogaster
Ambystoma mexicanum
Chelus fimbriatus
Ailuropoda melanoleuca
Galidia elegans
Herpestes edwardsii
Amblonyx cinereus
Lontra provocax
Lutrogale perspicillata
Martes melampus
Martes zibellina
Osbornictis piscivora
Potamogale velox
Nectogale elegans
Megaderma lyra
Prionailurus iriomotensis
Calloplesiops altivelis
Nimbochromis linni
Canis lupus familiaris

Based on studies in:
India, Cochin (Brackish water)
USA: California (Marine)
USA: Rhode Island (Marine)
Polynesia (Reef)
Antarctic (Estuarine)
Southern Ocean (Marine, Tropical)
Canada: Manitoba (Forest)
Malawi, Lake Nyasa (Lake or pond)
unknown (epipelagic zone, Tropical)
Mexico: Guerrero (Coastal)
USA: Texas (Lake or pond)
USA: Alaska, Aleutian Islands (Coastal)
USA: Iowa, Mississippi River (River)
USA: Florida (Estuarine)
Russia (Lake or pond)
Ethiopia, Lake Abaya (Lake or pond)
Uganda (Lake or pond)
Finland (Lake or pond, Littoral)
Malaysia (Swamp)
Uganda, Lake George (Lake or pond)
Netherlands: Wadden Sea, Ems estuary (Estuarine)
USA: Florida, Everglades (Estuarine)
UK: Yorkshire, Aire, Nidd & Wharfe Rivers (River)
South Africa, Southwest coast (Marine)
Puerto Rico, Puerto Rico-Virgin Islands shelf (Reef)
USA: Maryland, Chesapeake Bay (Estuarine)
USA: New York, Bridge Brook (Lake or pond)
Malawi (River)
Africa, Crocodile Creek, Lake Nyasa (Lake or pond)
USA: Wisconsin, Little Rock Lake (Lake or pond)

This list may not be complete but is based on published studies.

S. Z. Qazim, Some problems related to the food chain in a tropical estuary. In: Marine Food Chains, J. H. Steele, Ed. (Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh, 1970), pp. 45-51, from p. 50.
S. W. Nixon and C. A. Oviatt, Ecology of a New England salt marsh, Ecol. Monogr. 43:463-498, from p. 491 (1973).
G. A. Knox, Antarctic marine ecosystems. In: Antarctic Ecology, M. W. Holdgate, Ed. (Academic Press, New York, 1970) 1:69-96, from p. 87.
B. C. Patten and J. T. Finn, Systems approach to continental shelf ecosystems. In: Theoretical Systems Ecology, E. Halfon, Ed. (Academic Press, New York, 1979) pp. 183-212 from p. 202.
G. Fryer, The trophic interrelationships and ecology of some littoral communities of Lake Nyasa, Proc. London Zool. Soc. 132:153-229, from p. 219 (1959).
G. Fryer, The trophic interrelationships and ecology of some littoral communities of Lake Nyasa, Proc. London Zool. Soc. 132:153-281, from p. 218 (1959).
A. Yanez-Arancibia, Taxonomia, ecologia y estructura de las comunidades de peces en lagunas costeras con bocas efimeras del Pacifico de Mexico.
C. A. Simenstad, J. A. Estes, K. W. Kenyon, Aleuts, sea otters, and alternate stable-state communities, Science 200:403-411, from p. 404 (1978).
A. Yanez-Arancibia, Taxonomia, ecologia y estructura de las comunidades de peces en lagunas costeras con bocas efimeras del Pacifico de Mexico. Cent. Cienc. del Mar y Limnol. Univ. Nal. Auton. Mex. Publ. Espec. 2:1-306 (1978).
C. A. Carlson, Summer bottom fauna of the Mississippi River, above Dam 19, Keokuk, Iowa, Ecology 49(1):162-168, from p. 167 (1968).
W. M. Kemp, W. H. B. Smith, H. N. McKellar, M. E. Lehman, M. Homer, D. L. Young and H. T. Odum, Energy cost-benefit analysis applied to power plants near Crystal River, Florida. In: Ecosystem Modeling in Theory and Practice: An Introduction with Case His
M. J. Burgis, I. G. Dunn, G. G. Ganf, L. M. McGowan and A. B. Viner, Lake George, Uganda: Studies on a tropical freshwater ecosystem. In: Productivity Problems of Freshwaters, Z. Kajak and A. Hillbricht-Ilkowska, Eds. (Polish Scientific, Warsaw, 1972), p
K. Aulio, K. Jumppanen, H. Molsa, J. Nevalainen, M. Rajasilta, I. Vuorinen, Litoraalin merkitys Pyhajarven kalatuotannolle, Sakylan Pyhajarven Tila Ja Biologinen Tuotanto (Lounais-Suomen Vesiensuojeluyhdistys R. Y., Turku, Finland, 1981) 47:173-176.
T. Mizuno and J. I. Furtado, Food chain. In: Tasek Bera, J. I. Furtado and S. Mori, Eds. (Junk, The Hague, Netherlands, 1982), pp. 357-359, from p. 358.
D. J. W. Moriarty, J. P. E. C. Darlington, I. G. Dunn, C. M. Moriarty and M. P. Tevlin, Feeding and grazing in Lake George, Uganda, Proc. Roy. Soc. B. 184:299-319 (1973).
F. B. van Es, A preliminary carbon budget for a part of the Ems estuary: The Dollard, Helgolander wiss. Meeresunters. 30:283-294, from p. 292 (1977).
W. E. Odum and E. J. Heald, The detritus-based food web of an estuarine mangrove community, In Estuarine Research, Vol. 1, Chemistry, Biology and the Estuarine System, Academic Press, New York, pp. 265-286, from p. 281 (1975).
G. Fryer, 1957. The trophic interrelationships and ecology of some littoral communities of Lake Nyasa with special reference to the fishes, and a discussion of the evolution of a group of rock-frequenting Cichlidae. Proc. Zool. Soc. London 132:153-281, f
E. Percival and H. Whitehead, 1929. A quantitative study of the fauna of some types of stream-bed. J. Ecol. 17:282-314, from p. 311 & overleaf.
N. V. Parin, Ichthyofauna of the Epipelagic Zone (Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem, 1970; U.S. Department of Commerce Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and Technical Information, Springfield, VA 22151), from p. 154.
Y. I. Sorokin, Biological productivity of the Rybinsk reservoir. In: Productivity Problems of Freshwaters, Z. Kajak and A. Hillbricht-Ilkowska, Eds. (Polish Scientific, Warsaw, 1972), pp. 493-503, from p. 497.
W. A. Niering, Terrestrial ecology of Kapingamarangi Atoll, Caroline Islands, Ecol. Monogr. 33(2):131-160, from p. 157 (1963).
B. C. Patten and 40 co-authors, Total ecosystem model for a cove in Lake Texoma. In: Systems Analysis and Simulation in Ecology, B. C. Patten, Ed. (Academic Press, New York, 1975), 3:205-421, from pp. 236, 258, 268.
R. F. Johnston, Predation by short-eared owls on a Salicornia salt marsh, Wilson Bull. 68(2):91-102, from p. 99 (1956).
R. D. Bird, Biotic communities of the Aspen Parkland of central Canada, Ecology, 11:356-442, from p. 410 (1930).
N. A. Mackintosh, A survey of antarctic biology up to 1945. In: Biologie antarctique, R. Carrick, M. Holdgate, J. Prevost, Eds. (Hermann, Paris, 1964), pp. 3-38.
D. Riedel, Der Margheritensee (Sudabessinien) - Zugleich ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Abessinischen Graben-Seen, Arch. Hydrobiol. 58(4):435-466, from p. 457 (1962).
Opitz S (1996) Trophic interactions in Caribbean coral reefs. ICLARM Tech Rep 43, Manila, Philippines
Havens K (1992) Scale and structure in natural food webs. Science 257:11071109
Martinez ND (1991) Artifacts or attributes? Effects of resolution on the Little Rock Lake food web. Ecol Monogr 61:367392
Myers, P., R. Espinosa, C. S. Parr, T. Jones, G. S. Hammond, and T. A. Dewey. 2006. The Animal Diversity Web (online). Accessed February 16, 2011 at http://animaldiversity.org. http://www.animaldiversity.org
Yodzis P (2000) Diffuse effects in food webs. Ecology 81:261266
Baird D, Ulanowicz RE (1989) The seasonal dynamics of the Chesapeake Bay ecosystem. Ecol Monogr 59:329364